Pharmacognosy: Science of natural products in drug discovery
What is pharmacognosy?
Pharmacognosy: Pharmakon- Drug, Gignosco- knowledge.
Pharmacognosy is "systematic study of crud drug" obtained from natural origin like plant animal and minerals.
The word pharmacognosy used in first 1815 by German scientist "SEYDLER" in a Analecta pharmacognostica.
What is plant crude drug?
These are the drugs, which are obtained from natural sources like plants, animals and minerals.
eg., Tulsi leaves [used for cough treatment & cold remedies].
The study includes drug's name, habitat, collection, cultivation, macroscopy, microscopy, physical properties, chemical constituents, therapeutic action, their used and adulterants.
Who is the father of pharmacognosy?
Pedanius Dioscorides was a father of pharmacognosy.
He was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist and physician in military and a pharmacognosistin Nero's Army and wrote on drugs of plant origin. In AD 77, he wrote a book "De MateriaMedica," elaborating on large data about helpful medicinal plants. he included About 657 drugs out of 944 are plants or plant parts; whose morphology, region, collection pattern, method of preparing of medicinal decoctions, medicinal effects.
What is the history of pharmacognosy?
I. History of pharmacognosy represents the history of pharmacy and medicine because its origin is in the health related activity.
II. In the early, primitive man went in search of food and at random modem era (the era of pure compounds)
III. Isolation of morphine from opium (1806).
⦁ Nicotine [1828].
⦁ Cocaine [1855].
⦁ Quinine and Caffeine [1820].
⦁ Strychnine [1817].
IV. In 19th century, many compound were isolated and determined.
V. In 20th century, the drug well isolated from animal kingdom, particularly hormones and vitamins.
What is the scope of pharmacognosy?
i. It helps in identification of crude drugs.
ii. It has a wide and broad scope in field of pharmacy. It help in study of:-
⦁ Phytochemistry- Botany.
⦁ Pharmaceutics- Quality control.
⦁ Pharmacology- Chemotaxonomy. etc...
iii. Analysis / isolation of Phytochemicals.
⦁ eg. Morphine extracted from the plant opium, also studied on their clinical uses.
iv. Preparation of general toxic and stimulants.
⦁ It helps to increase immunity such as Ashwagandha, tulsi etc.
v. Natural product act as a model for synthesis of new drugs.
⦁ E.g., morphine act as a model for large group of potent analgesic drugs, plant parts, some animals etc. vi. If any plant part cause vomiting, then it use as emetic agents.
vii. If no harmful effect occurs, they considered as edible.
viii. If plant part cause diarrhea, then it use as purgative.
ix. By observing animals, recognise any plant for their medicinal use. so, the use of plants for medicinal purpose started long before any form of record.
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